Literature
Delirium
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Gustafson Y, Berggren D, Brännström B, et al.
Acute confusional states in older adults treated for femoral neck fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988 Jun;36(6):525–530.
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Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS.
Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):911–922.
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McCusker J, Cole MG, Dendukuri N, et al.
Does delirium increase hospital stay? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Nov;51(11):1539–1546.
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McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M et al.
Delirium predicts 12-month mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Feb 25;162 (4):457–463.
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O'Keeffe S, Lavan J.
The prognostic significance of delirium in older hospital patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Feb;45(2): 174–178.
Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
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Inouye SK.
The Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) for Prevention of Delirium. Available at: www.hospitalelderlifeprogram.org. Accessed October 2011.
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Inouye SK.
The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Available at: https://www.hospitalelderlifeprogram.org/delirium-instruments/ Accessed April 2017.
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Inouye SK, VanDyck CH, Alessi CA et al.
Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15; 113(12):941–948.
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Vidal El, Villas Boas PJ, Valle AP, et al.
Delirium in older adults. BMJ. 2013 Apr 9;346:f2031.
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Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Simel DL, et al.
Does this patient have delirium? Value of bedside instruments. JAMA. 2010 Aug 18;304(7):779–786.
Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention?
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Vidal El, Villas Boas PJ, Valle AP, et al.
Delirium in older adults. BMJ. 2013 Apr 9;346:f2031.
Risk for delirium
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Dasgupta M, Dumbrell AC.
Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Oct;54(10):1578–1589.
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Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS.
Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):911–922.
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Juliebø V, Bjøro K, Krogseth M, et al.
Risk factors for preoperative and postoperative delirium in older adults with hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Aug; 57(8): 1354–1361.
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Moerman S, Tuinebreijer WE, de Boo M, et al.
Validation of the Risk Model for Delirium in hip fracture patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 Mar-Apr;34(2):153–159.
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Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, et al.
Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium following hip fracture repair: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;30(9):900–910.
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Vochteloo AJ, Moerman S, van der Burg BL, et al.
Delirium risk screening and haloperidol prophylaxis program in hip fracture patients is a helpful tool in identifying high-risk patients, but does not reduce the incidence of delirium. BMC Geriatr. 2011 Aug 11; 11:39.
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Dong T, et al.
Risk factors for postoperative delirium following hip fracture repair in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016 Feb 12.
Identification of underlying problems
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Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS.
Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):911–922.
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Vivanti A, Harvey K, Ash S, et al.
Clinical assessment of dehydration in older people admitted to hospital: what are the strongest indicators? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008 Nov–Dec;47(3):340–355.
Prevention and treatment
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Boettger S, Breitbart W.
Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature. Palliat Support Care. 2005 Sep;3(3):227–237.
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Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N.
Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2015 Mar;44(2):196–204.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management. 2010 Jul. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103?unlid=135416894201634132520. Accessed August 2016.
Is your patient at risk for delirium?
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Vochteloo AJ, Moerman S, van der Burg BL, et al.
Delirium risk screening and haloperidol prophylaxis program in hip fracture patients is a helpful tool in identifying high-risk patients, but does not reduce the incidence of delirium. BMC Geriatr. 2011 Aug 11; 11:39.
Clock drawing test
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Shulman KI.
Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2000 Jun:15(6):548–561.